![]() ![]() The purpose of this study was to determine the normal thickness of the PVST on neutral position MDCT images in the adult population. Furthermore, the lack of abnormal PVST thickness does not exclude an underlying injury. 11 All of these methods have their own limitations. Hay et al proposed a ratio method in which they compared the thickness of the PVST with the width of the C5 vertebral body, therefore taking into consideration differences in radiographic technique and a patient's body habitus. 11 Others, such as Harris, 1 found the contour of the PVST at the craniocervical junction to be a more reliable method of detecting underlying injury in this region. In the past, many authors have measured the PVST thickness on lateral cervical spine radiographs and obtained results that have a large overlap between normal and abnormal findings in patients. To our knowledge, an up-to-date evaluation of the PVST thickness on MDCT images has not been published. With the widespread replacement of standard radiographic evaluation of the cervical spine by MDCT, 4, 7– 10 it is necessary to establish normal values for the thickness of the PVST on MDCT images. In our experience, the normal values based on radiographic studies are commonly used in multidetector CT (MDCT) images, despite the fact that differences in the acquisition of these images could account for significant differences in their normal values. 1– 6 Analysis of the PVST is helpful in detecting subtle osseous or ligamentous injuries that might go unrecognized. The thickness of the prevertebral soft tissue (PVST) has long been considered a valuable radiographic measurement in evaluating possible injury to the cervical spine. We propose the obtained values as the upper limits of normal for PVST thickness on MDCT images in the adult population. The smallest variability and calculated SDs were found at C2 and C3.ĬONCLUSIONS: The thickness of the PVST is important in the detection of underlying injuries to the cervical spine. The upper limit of normal was not determined for C4 and C5 levels due to variable position of the esophagus and larynx. RESULTS: The upper limits of normal for the thickness of the PVST were 8.5 mm at C1, 6 mm at C2, 7 mm at C3, 18 mm at C6, and 18 mm at C7. Exclusion criteria included patients with a congenital or acquired (nondegenerative) abnormality of the cervical spine or PVST. Patients included in the study were not intubated, had an immobilized cervical spine, had normal findings on cervical spine CT, and did not have a diagnosis of osseous or soft-tissue cervical injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thickness of the PVST was measured in 192 patients undergoing screening cervical spine MDCT with multiplanar reconstructions as part of a trauma protocol. Because the standard of care has shifted from radiographs to multidetector CT (MDCT), a re-examination of the PVST on MDCT images is needed to establish normal values for thickness appropriate for this imaging technique. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.007.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Analysis of the prevertebral soft tissue (PVST) is helpful in detecting osseous and ligamentous injuries of the cervical spine. Evidence-based evaluation of complementary health approaches for pain management in the United States. Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment. Management of non-radicular neck pain in adults. Cervical spondylosis and spondylotic cervical myelopathy. Treatment and prognosis of cervical radiculopathy. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Cervical spondylosis (arthritis of the neck).Clinical features and diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy. Evaluation of the patient with neck pain. In: DeLee, Drez, and Miller's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: Principles and Practice. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Those with red-green color deficiency do not see the bear, they see a cow instead of a deer, and they see a fox near the bottom on the left. Those with normal color vision can usually see a bear in the upper left and a deer in the upper right. Most people, even if color deficient, can see the rabbit and squirrel near the bottom. Show the picture below to someone without comment. Knowing your colors is stressed greatly in early childhood, but children are rarely screened for colorblindness. Below is a picture with animals, which many young children understand. One concern is that while working with young children, they might not yet know their numbers and letters, so this test doesn’t work. Many of these tests involve identifying letters or numbers. There are many resources to help someone deal with this issue once it is discovered. Be aware that some people, especially children, might not realize they are color deficient, and the revelation might bring up difficult emotions. You can use one of these tests with your group. There are many cell phone apps and online tests for colorblindness. During the induction process into the military, color vision was screened for and detected. I know of two people who did not realize they were colorblind until they joined the military. It is rarely screened for, unlike other vision issues. Some people do not realize they are color blind until they are older. I understand this issue personally because my son is color deficient. Perhaps a more correct phrase to use would be color deficient rather than colorblind. Most colorblind people can distinguish some colors, but some are more difficult to differentiate than others. One example of this is commonly called colorblindness. Different people and animals perceive color differently. ![]() ![]() ![]() Make sure to keep all of your follow-up appointments with your orthopedic surgeon. Also, let your healthcare provider know if you have a high fever, chills, or severe pain that is not improving. Let your healthcare provider know right away if the fluid from the incision turns yellow or white or if there is an increase in redness, swelling, or draining from your incision. You might have some fluid draining from your incision. You will probably be able to resume many of your regular activities within 6 weeks of the surgery. You may need to work with a physical therapist, who can help you maintain range of motion and strength. You might need to use a cane or crutches for a few days or weeks. Your healthcare provider will let you know when you can put weight on your leg. In most cases, people go home in 1 to 4 days. Depending on the extent of your injuryĪnd your other medical conditions, you might be able to go home within the next couple You may have imaging done, likeĪn X-ray, make sure your surgery was successful. Should be able to resume a normal diet fairly quickly. Incision after your procedure, but pain medicines may help to relieve the pain. The surgeon will surgically close the layers of skin and muscle around your incision.Ībout what you can expect after your surgery.Your surgeon will place the femoral head back in the socket.Someone will then remove the damaged cartilage and bone lining the socket.He or she will trim the head with special instruments, placing a metal cap over the head. Your surgeon will take your femoral head out of the hip joint socket.Your surgeon will make an incision in your thigh, usually on your back side, cutting through skin and muscle.You may have a breathing tube inserted down your throat during the operation to help you breathe.Īfter the procedure, to help prevent infection. A healthcare professional will carefully monitor your vital signs, like your heart rate and blood pressure, during the operation.(Or you may get spinal anesthesia and a medicine to In general, you can expect the following:Īnesthesia, so you’ll sleep through the operation and won’t feel any pain andĭiscomfort during the procedure. Surgeon will do the surgery aided by a team of specialized healthcare professionals. Surgery will depend on the nature of the injury and the surgical approach. ![]() ![]() This is especially true for younger adults (less than 60 years) with largerĮxplain the details of your particular surgery. Hip resurfacing may be a better choice for Than in the case of total hip replacement. It easier for your healthcare provider to perform later revision surgery on your joint Neck fracture and reaction to metal ion debris. But it may increase the risk for other complications. Hip resurfacing may decrease the risk of certain complications, like hipĭislocation. Usually, healthcare providers only recommend hip resurfacing if you still have significant problems even after the use of other, more conservative treatments, like pain medicines and assistive walking devices.Ībout the benefits and risks of having hip resurfacing instead of traditional total hip Hip resurfacing may help decrease your pain, improve your joint mobility, and result in a better quality of life. The damage to your hip joint, if significant, eventually causes pain and can interfere with your activities of daily life. Different types of medical conditions can damage this joint, like: You might need hip resurfacing if you have significant damage to your hip joint. ![]() ![]() ![]() This comprehensive TV Select channel list caters to everyone’s tastes, whether you are a movie buff or a fan of popular TV series. As a result, Spectrum is a top cable TV provider with a wide selection of HD options. Hence, you can enjoy the entertainment you desire with both Spectrum TV Select packages, knowing that you can adapt and explore other options if necessary without experiencing a heavy penalty.Ĭall 87 Now Spectrum TV Select Channels Listīoth Spectrum TV Select plans boast an impressive lineup of 150 basic channels, all available in high definition. ![]() Spectrum understands the importance of flexibility and freedom of choice, allowing you to experience its impressive channel lineup and on-demand content without the burden of a lengthy contract. It means that you don’t have to sign a yearlong agreement to indulge in your favorite channels or savor quality time with your loved ones. *Customers who subscribe to Cloud DVR Plus are not required to lease a Spectrum Receiver ContractĬable TV service has the same fresh contract-free approach as Spectrum’s internet plans. Therefore, we have compiled all the extra charges associated with the Spectrum TV Select plans. Understanding the potential additional costs is crucial for aligning your monthly budget with your expenses. However, keep one thing in mind! The introductory price is applicable for the first 12 months only, after which Spectrum will apply the regular price.Īlthough many entertainment options are available with this plan if you enjoy regional sports, you might want to look at the following options. ![]() If you find a few of your favorite channels missing, don’t worry! Spectrum’s add-on choices give you the ability to modify your TV Select plan according to your preference. You can watch all of your favorite networks with Spectrum TV Select Signature. Other than the extra networks, the plan is essentially the same you don’t need to sign a contract to take advantage of the promotional rate, and you get access to a big collection of more than 85,000 On-Demand titles, ensuring there is always something entertaining to watch. It means you get 25 additional channels compared to the previous Spectrum TV plan, all for the same initial monthly cost of $59.99. Spectrum TV Select Signature is a reasonably priced new cable TV plan offered by Spectrum, containing over 150 HD channels, including popular networks like CNN, Discovery, ESPN, HGTV, Lifetime, MVTV, and more. ![]() ![]() ![]() This allows them to see how many there are of each type all in one place, and easily compare numbers.Īs a follow up, ask your students questions to make sense of the data in their graph, such as: Then they color in the corresponding number of bars on the bar graph to represent each animal. This is yet another important subitizing visual for kids to “see” a quantity in a new way. I recommend they keep track of their count using tally marks. To begin, students must count and color each type of animal. ![]() It also means kids will have the opportunity to engage with math and apply it, rather than simply spitting out answers through rules or memorization.įor example, you will find a graphing page in this download that encompasses a variety of skills in one activity. You’ll also find visual models to help kids “see” math, numbers and quantities, because this is essential for the brain to learn and comprehend math. This means you will find fun safari animals on each page that kids can color, improving their fine motor skills alongside their math skills. The goal with these worksheets is to provide meaningful practice in a way that is fun and useful for building a deep understanding. Interactive Kindergarten Math Worksheets: ![]() Prepping the Materials:įor the most part, all you need to do is print the page(s) you need and pass them out to students, along with colored pencils or crayons!įor the even and odd pages, students will need scissors and glue to cut and paste as they sort the even numbers from the odd numbers.
![]() Unused portions of free trials will be forfeited upon purchase of a subscription. The Scrabble Club subscription is available for a monthly cost charged to your iTunes account at the end of each 30-day subscription period, at the price displayed to you at the time of purchase, unless auto-renew is turned off 24 hours prior to the renewal date.Ī Scrabble Club one-week Free Trial will convert to a Paid subscription unless auto-renew is turned off 24 hours prior to the end of the trial. An additional Arena Ticket delivered daily to their inbox Full Access to the new Word Power Meter boost Unlimited use of the new Scrabble Scholar boost Access exclusive content and rewards for Weekly Challenges See how your Scrabble skills are progressing with our in-depth profile page! View your scoring averages, longest words, best plays, and more! Visit another player’s profile to see Head-to-Head stats.Įnjoy a wealth of benefits with a Scrabble Club subscription! Play Scrabble one-on-one against the computer with Practice Mode! Designed to match your skill level, it’s a great way to test out new strategies and tactics. And remember - with a limited amount of time and turns, every move counts!Ĭlimb your way up the League leaderboards by playing in Arena Tournaments! Leagues are updated weekly, and the higher you rank, the more XP and chests you gain, as well as an exclusive League Frame to show off your progress. Play off your own words and try to set up high-scoring plays on a smaller 11x11 board. Rush - In this solo Scrabble mode, your only ally - or enemy - is yourself. Score bonuses for word length and unique words! Tumbler - Like anagrams? This new mode challenges you to find as many high-scoring words from a rotating set of letters in a limited amount of time. Your used tiles are replaced, shifting the remaining letters and opening up new possibilities! ![]() Word Drop - An ever-changing word search game. But hurry up, because each turn is on a timer. ![]() Duels - It’s fast-paced, head-to-head Scrabble! You’ll be matched up against players of similar skill and play five turns each. Personalize your Scrabble experience with custom tiles! Unlock chests to discover and collect a variety of visually stunning tiles, then show off your new tiles to other players in-game as you compete!įeeling competitive? Test your skills in one of four exciting new word games: Express yourself in-game with fun and easy-to-use chat emojis and phrases. Play the classic Scrabble game you know and love! With the official board, tiles, and Scrabble word dictionaries, only Scrabble GO delivers the authentic crossword game experience.Įasily find and start games with your Facebook friends and family! Expand your Scrabble friends with the new Favourite feature, which makes staying connected a snap. Welcome to Scrabble GO, the new and updated version of the world’s favourite word game! ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Why does the pump lose speed at regular intervals, for instance, every second minute? This is the low-flow stop test function, which measures the flow in order to stop the pump when there is low or no flow. The alarm will be reset automatically when the inlet pressure is again below the pressure limit. Why does the pump indicate alarm if the inlet pressure is too high? This may be an indication that there is a fault in the installation that may cause damage to the pump. Why do I need to prime the pump more than once? If the suction lift is higher than 6 m, or 20 feet, the pump may need to be primed more than once. If a SCALA pump is placed at more than a 15 degrees angle in any direction, there is risk of strongly reduced functionality and lifetime as well as damage to the pump. If a SCALA pump is placed up to a 15 degrees angle in any direction, there is risk of bad cooling and self-priming. If a SCALA pump is placed vertically with inlet and outlet ports pointing upwards, it will not handle air very well, and its self-priming capabilities will be reduced. This will not damage the motor, but it may overheat. If a SCALA pump is placed vertically with inlet and outlet ports pointing downwards, air may build up inside the cooling jacket. Why is it important that the pump is placed horizontally? A SCALA pump in horizontal position will operate at its optimum. This explains why we have chosen to let SCALA operate with a maximum inlet pressure of 6 bar - otherwise the design would be over dimensioned. Design standards prescribe that the outlet pressure of a pump must be added to its maximum permissible inlet pressure. SCALA has been tested up to 16 bar inlet pressure. Why is SCALA2 limited to 6 bar inlet pressure? SCALA2 is designed for PN 10, meaning that the pump can withstand 10 bar pressure. Why is it possible to set the set point higher than the pump can manage? You may be interested in raising the pump pressure in installations with a filter on the outlet side and a positive inlet pressure. If the required outlet pressure is set within the pump, performance range the alarm will be reset automatically. The pump will start again when a tap is opened, and it will operate at full speed and maximum performance and still show fault indication no 5. 3 minutes and still show fault indication no 5. When the tap is closed, the pump will stop after approx. Questions & Answers What happens if I set the set point too high? For instance, if I set the set point to 5 bar and the pump is lifting liquid from a depth of 8 m? The pump will operate normally, but show fault indication no 5. Note: With suction pressures greater than 60psi, a pressure reducing valve must be installed to the suction side of the pump.CAN NOT SET REQUIRED SYSTEM PRESSURE ABOVE 80 PSI. Safety Approvals: CE and UL & UL Drinking Water Approval.Built-in system Protection: Dry-running protection.Indoors they protect against dripping water. provides protection against falling rain, sleet, snow, and external ice formation. Enclosure Nema Rating: NEMA 3 intended for outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against windblown dust, rain, sleet, and external ice formation.Carton Dimensions: 19" L, 10" W, 15" H Shipping.Power: 560 Watts Voltage: 115 volts Amps: 5 - 5.7.Maximum Ambient Temperature: Continuous operation 113 F.Maximum Liquid Temperature: 113 F (45 C).Maximum System Pressure: 145psi (10 bar).Pressure Adjustment Range: 22 to 80 psi.SCALA2 is suitable for houses with up to three floors and eight tapping points.Īccurate sizing of the pump can be based on the pump curve below and local norms and standards. That the pump performance will increase with increasing demand. The SCALA2 integrated speed control enables perfect water pressure at the taps, meaning ![]() The unit incorporates the controller, speed controlled drive, tank, sensors and non-return/check valve. The Grundfos SCALA2 is a fully integrated, self-priming, compact all-in-one water pump for pressure boosting in domestic applications. ![]() Grundfos SCALA2 (98562818) variable speed, constant pressure system. ![]() |
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